Virginia Board of Dentistry. Informal Conferences - Agency Subordinate % Section 32.1-138.5 authorizes the disclosure of "the nature of the complaint or the identity of the patient" to the nursing facility. Contact the Board of Nursing. Copyright 2022, Virginia Department of Health Professions. | N . 3$ 5$ ^ E I J L M P Q T U The same process occurs for Dialysis Technicians. Complaints are filed by anyone with a concern about a nurse's practice. Virginia Board of NursingJay P. Douglas, MSM, RN, CSAC, FRE, Executive DirectorBrandon A. Jones, MSN, RN, CEN, NEA-BC, President, Department of Health ProfessionsPerimeter Center9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300Henrico, Virginia 23233-1463, Office Hours:Monday - Friday 8:15AM - 5:00PM(except Holidays). Ideally, for nurses, this report will recommend no further action. The Board has the power to investigate a supposed instance of misconduct as they see fit, and they have a variety of means to do so. Applications for initial licensure as a Registered Nurse by Endorsement or Examination are accepted exclusively through our online system. Please list the people involved or any witnesses at the bottom of this section. Please select a profession or category from the dropdown, to view related forms. The Board has the power to investigate a supposed instance of misconduct as they see fit, and they have a variety of means to do so. 5.0. Follow the instructions on the form when the required information is submitted. 25, 2023 at 10:11 AM PDT | Updated: Apr. Board of Nursing Public Resources The Virgina Board of Nursing provides a wide variety of information to the public about health care professionals in Virginia. Applications for initial registration as a Medication Aide by Examination or Endorsement are accepted exclusively through our online system. An attorney could help to provide more information about the Nursing Board complaints and investigations in Virginia. The Virginia Department of Health Professions includes the following 14 individual health regulatory boards: Virginia Board of Medicine. h7 @ Copyright 2022, Virginia Department of Health Professions. Hold current certification as a certified nurse aide in Virginia; Have been certified for at least three years as a certified nurse aide; Have never had a finding of abuse, neglect or misappropriation of patient property entered on a nurse aide registry in any jurisdiction and have not had any disciplinary actions taken by the board within the five years preceding application for advanced certification; Have a recommendation for advanced certification from a licensed nurse who has supervised the applicant in providing direct patient care for at least six months within the past year; and. This includes the power to receive complaints from the general public as to the fitness of nurses, to investigate those matters, and to hold hearings concerning potential disciplinary action against those practitioners. The Virginia Board of Nursing regulates the practice of nursing in the state of Virginia, including registered nurses (R.N. h7 @ Virginia Board of Nursing - Reviews. We encourage you to provide complete and specific information. From there, select a facility, which will bring up further information about the . Notice Regarding Anonymous Complaints:The Department of Health Professions cannot guarantee anonymity for complaints submitted anonymously. A copy of the petition form is provided. Z When asked how they paid for their training, most reviewers responded, "My company paid for my training". The investigation may include a review of records, interviews with staff and residents, and the observation of resident care.Step 4: At the end of the investigation, the OLC will notify you of the results if you have provided your contact information in Section 1 of the complaint form. If this is a life-threatening emergency, call 9-1-1. The Board has the obligation to investigate any complaint that it receives. The Committee of the Joint Boards of Nursing and Medicine promulgated regulation changes that resulted in the elimination of the requirement for nurse practitioners to obtain/maintain aseparateprescriptive (Rx) authority license (#0017). Virginia Board of Nursing Perimeter Center 9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300 Henrico, VA 23233 Phone: (800)- 533 -1560 or (804) 367-4515. . Nursing homes are regulated by the Virginia Department of Health (VDH). Call a skilled nursing license defense lawyer today. 7 8 > E U E E g d $3$ 5$ If ^g . Name: Mailing Address: Street: City: State: Zip: Phone: E-mail: More information on the Nursing Calendar Page. ] Need a Vaccine? h7 @ h7 h7 CJ Please use our Application Wizard for guidance on how to apply for initial licensure as a Nurse Practitioner. NOTE: If you already have a Nurse Practitioner license and you wish to add additional specialties, you will need to contact the Board of Nursing at (804) 367-4515 to have a paper Application for Licensure as a License Nurse Practitioner mailed to you. Virginia Board of Nursing. a Training Room 1, Tue, May 9, 2023 9:00 AM 8 ap m T kd $$If *F ( 0 x a. If you are facing allegations of professional misconduct as a nurse in Virginia, it is essential to understand what you are up against. Please use our Application Wizard for guidance on how to apply for a license as a Massage Therapist. Complaint InformationPlease provide as much information as possible include the date, time, how often the concern has occurred, and the location where the concern occurred. An Explanation of NCSBN's Authority. Virginia Board of Counseling. A nursing home is a facility in which the primary function is the provision, on a continuing basis, of nursing services and health-related services for the treatment and inpatient care of two or more non-related individuals. ), certified nurse midwives (C.N.M. l Application and Instructions for Reinstatement of Medication Aide Registration. Courses. In order to qualify as an advanced certified nurse aide, you must meet the requirements set forth under 18VAC90-25-110 (A): Advanced CNA Reinstatement Application and Instructions, For more information on Compliance, please visit our FAQ page, and select the topic named "Compliance with a Nursing Board Order". This video is private. Provide your name, address, and telephone number (unless filing anonymously). h7 RHc For a poison emergency, call 1-800-222-1222. Names of any other person(s) or witness(es) involved in this complaint: Name (first and last): Contact Information, if known: ( ) Name (first and last): Contact Information, if known: ( ) Section 5. Initial applications for Advanced Certified Nurse Aide certification are accepted exclusively onlinethrough the Virginia Board of Nursing. It only permits the disclosure of the complainant's identity in advance of an administrative hearing in which the Department "intends to rely, in whole or in part, on any statements made by the complainant." Feel free to use examples. Have successfully completed a minimum of 120 hours of advanced training in an approved program that includes a competency evaluation acceptable to the board. Application and Instructions for Licensure by Repeat Examination, RN-LPN Reinstatement Application following Suspension or Revocation, Inactive to Active Request Form (RN and LPN), Declaration of Primary State of Residence Form. Hot Line Number: 1-800-955-1819 Metro Richmond: (804) 367-2106 OLC-Complaints@vdh.virginia.gov OLC treats the identity of the complainant and patient as confidential during the course of its investigation pursuant to 32.1-138.5 of the Code of Virginia. This video was developed by the NCSBN 2010 Disciplinary Resource Committee and produced by . { All jurisdictions have specific processes for complaint intake. Information Brochures. This is a free public information service provided by the Department of Health Professions to enable individuals, agencies, or employers to review the status of health care professionals in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Read more here. Overview. kdO $$If s ( i% a $3$ 5$ If ^ - . Considering becoming a Registered Nurse, Practical Nurse, Nurse Aide or Medication Aide? Return the completed Complaint Form to the Enforcement Division by. 4 reviews. kd $$If , ( i% a. Applications for initial licensure as a Nurse Practitioner are accepted exclusively online. This process is summarized in the NCSBN video Board of Nursing Complaint Process: Investigation to Resolution. You cannot use the online nurse practitioner application process to apply for additional specialties. Though this code reference gives you notice of the type of behavior the Nursing Board finds sanctionable, it is not specific to your charges. Virginia Department of Health Office of Licensure and Certification Nursing Home Complaint Form Page 3 of 4 revised 04/2013 Section 5. The Department of Health Professions receives complaints about Virginia healthcare practitioners who may have violated a regulation or law. J File a Complaint on a Nurse or Dialysis Technician This position is based at the Montgomery County Health Department, located at: 210 Pepper St SE # A Christiansburg, VA 24073 Click here to obtain your districts contact information. Everyone in Virginia aged 6 months or older is eligible for the COVID-19 Vaccine. Virginia Board of NursingJay P. Douglas, MSM, RN, CSAC, FRE, Executive DirectorBrandon A. Jones, MSN, RN, CEN, NEA-BC, President, Department of Health ProfessionsPerimeter Center9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300Henrico, Virginia 23233-1463, Office Hours:Monday - Friday 8:15AM - 5:00PM(except Holidays). Virginia Code 54.1-2408.4, enacted by Chapter 464 of the 2022 Acts of Assembly, permits health care practitioners licensed, certified, or registered in another state or the District of Columbia to temporarily practice in the Commonwealth for 90 days provided certain provisions are met. U The Board also approves and regulates in-state education programs for Nurses (RN and LPN), Nurse Aides, and Medication Aides. Establishing/Maintaining Education Programs, Virginia Department of Health Professions. The Complaint letter also informed you of the allegation (s) against you and that you are under investigation for possible violation (s) of West Virginia Code 30-7-11. But consider the case of Towson University alumna Kaede Fujiwara: The Virginia board would likely . However, in some cases, the Board will hold either an informal conference or a formal hearing to determine what to do with allegations of misconduct. + , 7 8 F G O R S a b j m o ub $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ &h8> h7 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h8> h7 h8> h7 CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ " Establishing/Maintaining Education Programs, Excerpts from Medical Practice Act Relating to Nurse Practitioners, Regulations Governing the Practice of Nursing, Regulations Governing the Licensure of Nurse Practitioners, Regulations for Prescriptive Authority for Licensed Nurse Practitioners, Regulations Governing the Licensure of Massage Therapists, Regulations Governing Certified Nurse Aides, Regulations Governing the Registration of Medication Aides, Regulations for Nursing Education Programs, Regulations for Training Programs for Medication Administration by Unlicensed Persons and Immunization Protocol, Regulations for Nurse Aide Education Programs, Regulations Governing Delegation to an Agency Subordinate, Virginia Department of Health Professions. Please use our Application Wizard for guidance on how to apply for initial licensure as a Registered Nurse. Pursuant to18 VAC 90-19-50 (B) a copy of one of the following documents must accompany a name change request: Marriage Certificate Certificate of Naturalization Court Order. + Title: Executive Director: Central Administration #01031 Hiring Range: $66,380 - $122,804 Pay Band: 6 Agency: Dept of Corr - Central Admin Location: DOC Headquarters Agency Website: www.vadoc.virginia.gov Recruitment Type: General Public - G Job Duties The Board of Local and Regional Jails is responsible for developing and establishing minimum operational and fiscal standards governing the . Box 2448 Instructions and Application for Registration for Volunteer Nursing Practice, Click hereto view applicable nursing regulation 18 VAC 90-19-200, Instructions and Application for Restricted Volunteer Nursing License, Click hereto view 54.1-3011.01. Establishing/Maintaining Education Programs, Verify All Virginia Board of Nursing Licenses, Certificates or Registrations, Virginia Department of Health Professions. Case Decisions - Recent decisions by the Board of Nursing. Time to complete this education training ranges from 32 hours to 1 week depending on the qualification, with a median time to complete of 1 week. Note: You are not required to file a volunteer practice registration application if you hold a current unrestricted license or a multi-state privilege to practice nursing in Virginia. ), and certified nursing assistants (C.N.A.). Virginia Board of Nursing, Richmond, VA. 4.5. The Virginia Board of Nursing consists of a 14-member Board, a 5-member Massage Therapy Advisory Board, as well as administrative, licensing, discipline, education, and support staff. File a consumer complaint against a business in Virginia Office of the Attorney General. An Agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Mandated Reporters - Training & Resources, Cash from Tax Refunds and Help for Filing Tax Returns, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), SNAP Employment & Training Program (SNAP E&T), WIC, Food Bank & Other Nutritional Assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Substance Use Disorder Prevention and Recovery, Interstate Compact on Adoption & Medical Assistance (ICAMA), Interstate/Intercountry Placement of Children (ICPC), Education and Training Voucher (ETV) Program, Background Investigations - Adult Facilities, Background Investigations - Child Welfare Programs, Search for a Children's Residential Facility, Virginia Department of Social Services (VDSS). Description. A nurse's practice and behavior is expected to be safe, competent, ethical and in compliance with applicable laws and rules. Section 5. Reporting of the Complaint (continued)D. Did you report this complaint or incident to any other agency? Instructions and Application for Reinstatement of License as a Nurse Practitioner, Instructions and Application for Reinstatement of License as a Nurse Practitioner following Suspension or Revocation. Whenever the Nursing Regulatory Board receives a complaint from a member of the public, they have an obligation to conduct an investigation. A copy of your complaint and any supporting documentation provided by you may be shared with the subject of the complaint (practitioner or licensee) pursuant to the Code of Virginia 54.1-2400.2 (G). h8> h7 CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h8> h7 h8> h7 @OJ QJ ^J h8> h7 @OJ QJ ^J h8> h7 @OJ QJ ^J h8> h7 @OJ QJ ^J h8> h7 OJ QJ ^J h8> h7 @OJ QJ ^J 6 Please note that this service is not intended to provide bulk license information to businesses or commercial entities. All Rights Reserved1. Online Complaint Form - Virginia Department of Social Services Online Complaint Form Child care programs are under the oversight of the Virginia Department of Education. NOTE: If you already have a Nurse Practitioner license and you wish to add Authorization to Prescribe (Prescriptive Authority), you will need to contact the Board of Nursing at (804) 367-4515 to have a paper Application for Licensure as a License Nurse Practitioner mailed to you. Contact the Enforcement Division at1-800-533-1560or(804) 367-4691. Our team of attorneys at Price Benowitz are always ready and willing to provide knowledgeable legal counsel to those in need. The Virginia Board of Nursing is the regulating body for the practice of nursing in the state of Virginiafrom approving and renewing licenses to handling complaints, establishing professional guidelines and standards to approving nursing programs. Adverse Events Decision Pathway for Nurse Leaders/Administrators (AEDP), A BON's investigation into violations of a state's nurse practice act (NPA), The process for filing a complaint against a nurse who has exhibited unsafe, negligent or incompetent behavior, What a nurse can expect while their complaint is being investigated, How BONs safeguard the public by evaluating, issuing and renewing nurse licenses, How the nurse practice act (NPA) is implemented, Why disciplinary actions are taken against nurses who violate the NPA, Serves as a guide for consumers who have experienced or witnessed a nurse exhibiting unsafe, negligent or incompetent behavior, Explains what consumers can expect when a complaint is being investigated, Defines various nursing roles and responsibilities. j h8> UmH nH uH Autonomous Practice Application-Nurse Practitioners with theequivalent of 5 years of full-time clinical experiencemay apply for full practice authority. 3$ 5$ ^ . Helpful informational class in a short time period. Complaints should not be sent to NCSBN, as NCSBN has no authority over individual nurses. This brochure provides information regarding: This brochure explains the importance of nurse licensure, including: This brochure explains how a board of nursing protects the public and. here. The Board may take steps to: Usually, the Board will conclude an investigation within 250 days of the receipt of a complaint. All licensees/applicants wishing to change their name with the Board must submit their request using the Nursing Name Change Form. Complaints regarding child day programs may be submitted here . Initial applications for Certified Nurse Aide by Endorsement are accepted exclusively onlinethrough the Virginia Board of Nursing. Our team, which includes nurses and a doctor, defends individual medical providers who have had complaints filed against them with the licensing boards, including the Virginia Board of Medicine, Virginia Board of Nursing, and the other 12 health regulatory Boards within the Virginia Department of Health Professions. A case typically begins when a member of the public files a complaint against the nurse. Free vaccination opportunities may be found atVaccinate.Virginia.gov. This may include an employer, a patient, patient's family, a co-worker or any other health care provider concerned that a registered professional nurse has violated the law. If you are unsure of how to apply, please see our Application Wizard for guidance. General primary inquiry 9960 Mayland . Armed with this knowledge, you stand a better chance of defending your actions and protecting your professional future. Any form of retaliation against students or employees for bringing a . Copyright 2022, Virginia Department of Health Professions. Copyright 2023 Price Benowitz LLP. Reviews. A nurse's practice and behavior is expected to be safe, competent, ethical and in compliance with applicable laws and rules. The Department of Health Professions investigates complaints about Virginia healthcare practitioners who may have violated a regulation or law. Location. Once a complaint is filed with a board of nursing, the boards have a complaint process that they follow from review to resolution. Gather more information from the complainant, Speak to any third-party witnesses who may have seen an event, Consult with law enforcement agencies that may be involved. Reporting of the Complaint (continued) D. Did you report this complaint or incident to any other agency? Initial applications forCertified Nurse Aide by Examinationin Virginia are processed through the testing service - Credentia. National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. We also regulate Prescriptive Authority for Nurse Practitioners. Complaint Information All complaints, investigations and legal negotiations for this board are usually . PLEASE NOTE: Chapter 20, Regulations of the Board of Nursing, has been replaced by two new chapters: Chapter 19, Regulations Governing the Practice of Nursing and Chapter 27, Regulations Governing Nursing Education Programs. m Department of Health ProfessionsPerimeter Center9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300Henrico, Virginia 23233-1463, Office Hours:Monday - Friday 8:15AM - 5:00PM(except Holidays). Lookup or verify a license, review case decisions. Copyright 2022, Virginia Department of Health Professions. The creation of the Nursing Regulatory Board and the basis for its power is founded in Commonwealth Law. Typically, this is done without the knowledge or participation of the subject of the investigation. Please print legibly when completing the form by hand. Wed, May 3, 2023 9:00 AM DHP Home > Practitioner Resources > Enforcement > File a Complaint. Therefore, it is crucial for a defendant facing allegations to obtain a lawyer who is knowledgeable about the Nursing Board complaints and investigations in Virginia. t s Instructions for Accessing May 18, 2021 at 9:00 A.M. Virginia State Board of Nursing address is Perimeter Center 9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300, Henrico, Virginia 23233. against this professional Board in State ex rel. Long-Term Care Ombudsman Law Enforcement Agency Adult Protective Services Attorney General Other, please list: Please return completed report to: Complaint Unit Office of Licensure and Certification Virginia Department of Health 9960 Mayland Drive, Ste. Copyright 2022, Virginia Department of Health Professions. To send this form electronically, type the information directly on the form, save it to your hard drive, then email or fax the completed form to the OLC Complaint Unit. Return to Clickable Map Virginia Board of Nursing Review - July 8, 2021 Reviewed by Sedation Certification - September 29, 2022 State Sedation Policy - Yes Can RN's give sedation? H I N P a b e g h { | |iVDD #h8> h7 >*CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ $h8> h7 @CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ *h8> h7 5@CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ &h8> h7 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ h7 CJ aJ &h8> h7 5CJ OJ QJ \^J aJ $h8> h7 @. The results of the investigation then go to the Nursing Regulatory Board with a recommendation for further action. Applications for initial licensure as a Practical Nurse by Endorsement or Examination are accepted exclusively through our online system. These individuals may only practice temporarily for 90 days after receiving an offer of employment or contract for services from: (1) a hospital licensed by the Virginia Department of Health, (2) a nursing home, (3) a dialysis facility, (4) the Virginia Department of Health, or (5) a local health department. Resident InformationResident Name (first and last):Date of Birth: / / Your Relationship to the Resident: Resident (self) Family Member (Spouse/Child/Parent) Friend Present or former nursing home employee Ombudsman Quality Improvement Organization Law Enforcement Agency Media Anonymous Legal representative/guardian/power of attorney Other, please explain: Is the Resident still in the nursing home: No Yes Do not know Section 4. Recent graduates, professionals licensed outside of Virginia, and those wanting to reinstate licenses. h7 @ Published: Apr. q Nursing board complaints While state regulators have been making frequent visits to Richfield this year to inspect the facility, the Virginia Board of Nursing has also been receiving complaints . Y Virginia Board of Nursing. , You may email the petition to the address below, fax it to the number on the form or mail it to the Board address. To find this information, simply choose your location, and then 'assisted living care' and a list of facilities in your area will be displayed. g $3$ 5$ If ] ^g g d $3$ 5$ If ^g 3$ 5$ ] - Yes Can RN's give Propofol/Ketamine? DHP Home > Boards > Nursing > Public Resources. P File a Complaint. All complaints that go through the Nursing Regulatory Board follow a specific procedure. West Virginia State Board of Examiners for Licensed Practical Nurses. e Virginia Board [] You may file a complaint with the OLC by any means available to you, including mail, telephone, fax, on-line, or in-person.Step 1: Please include as much information as possible when submitting your complaint. Speak to your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information. 401 Henrico, VA 23233-1463 Fax Number: 1-804-527-4503 Hot Line Number: 1-800-955-1819 Metro Richmond: (804) 367-2106 HYPERLINK "mailto:OLC-Complaints@vdh.virginia.gov" OLC-Complaints@vdh.virginia.govOLC treats the identity of the complainant and patient as confidential during the course of its investigation pursuant to 32.1-138.5 of the Code of Virginia. IMPORTANT: Notice of Proposed NLC Rulemaking - open for public comment from April 18th until June 26th. While the fact that an investigation is underway is not cause for concern in and of itself, that investigations findings may compel the Board to conduct more in-depth sessions concerning potential professional misconduct. $ Establishing/Maintaining Education Programs, Checklist Instructions for Licensure by Endorsement as a Massage Therapist, Checklist Instructions for Initial Licensure as a Massage Therapist, Checklist Instructions and Application for Reinstatement as a Massage Therapist, Request Form for Change of Status from Inactive to Active, Virginia Department of Health Professions. ), certified registered nurse anesthetists (C.R.N.A. I have read and understand the above. Completed forms can also be mailed to the Complaint Unit. It is essential to remember that all nurses that are the subjects of these hearings have rights that include due process before any discipline occurs. Section 1. If you would like the Board to consider amending one of its regulations or rules, you may file a "petition for rule-making". . Informal Conferences - Agency Subordinate We note at the outset that this Court strictly applied the requirements of West Virginia Code 30-1-1 et seq. p A Team of 40 Experienced and Knowledgeable Attorneys Ready to Fight For You. Because these investigations and subsequent hearings must follow specific rules, an understanding of these rules is essential to forwarding a powerful defense. K ), nurse practitioners (N.P. Virginias Nursing Regulatory Board has broad powers to oversee the professional conduct of every practicing nurse in the Commonwealth. You may complete this form electronically or . All of the Board's proposed regulations can be found on the Townhall website. POWHATAN, Va. (WWBT) - Three people face neglect charges after a complaint at an assisted living facility in . kd $$If + ( i% a g d $3$ 5$ If ^g 8 O S j n o G T kd $$If sF ( x y x a 4 g $3$ 5$ If ^g g d $3$ 5$ If ^g 4 g $3$ 5$ If ]^g . This posting is open until filled, however, the first review of applications will be after May 15th. Applications for licensure as a Massage Therapist are accepted exclusively through our online system. Q Virginia Board of Nursing. Office of Vital Records ( Births, Deaths & Marriages) 2001 Maywill St, Suite 101 Richmond, Virginia 23230 (804) 662-6200 Virginia Department of Health P.O. SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT Name Date Instructions for Filing a Nursing Home Complaint Anyone with knowledge or concerns about the care of a resident in a nursing home may file a complaint with the OLC. Click Hereto initiate the application process. This is done online or through completing an official form and sending it to the Board. Attach copies (not originals) of documents relating to your concerns, if applicable. However if you do not provide your contact information, a licensing inspector will not be able to contact you if additional information is needed. This tool also allows users to look up facility inspections, complaints and violations report. The Board is required to publish your petition in the Virginia Register and post it online atwww.townhall.virginia.gov to begin a 21-day comment period on the request. Click Hereto initiate the application process. Review state laws and regulations that apply to health professionals. ! Virginia Board of Nursing Perimeter Center 9960 Mayland Drive, Suite 300 Henrico, Virginia 23233-1463 Name Change Information All licensees/applicants wishing to change their name with the Board must submit their request using the Nursing Name Change Form. Application Instructions for Licensure - Nurse Practitioner. Restricted volunteer license for registered or practical nurses, Click hereto view 54.1-2957.001. License Lookup - Search and verify licenses in Virginia. ), practical nurses (L.P.N. Any person who has knowledge of conduct by a licensed nurse that may violate a nursing law or rule or related state or federal law may report the alleged violation to the board of nursing where the conduct occurred.